Ancient+Rome



Death in Rome: - Hygeia was a Goddess of health, Romans would pray to her if they were feeling ill. - Used lead to sweeten their wine. - Honeysuckle was a flower to help prevent illness. - When a slave isn't trusted, his master makes him wear a tag incase the slave runs away. - Waxtablets could be re-used.

Dressed to Kill: - Gladiators were dressed to look like past enemies and mythical figures. - Gladtiators were matched to make the fight look more entertaining. - There were three different types of Roman gladiators. Murmillo, Retiarius, and Hoplomachus.

**__Part One __**

1. The city of Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E., they were from a wealthy family and were abandoned by their uncle (Alimus?). They soon were raised by a She-Wolf. Romulus wanted power and killed his twin brother Remus. 2. There were two classes, the patricians and the plebians. Both classes could vote and marry, but intermarriage was not allowed. Patricians were the only ones who could hold office. 3. The Romans traveled to Sicily to take care of a local dispute, the Phoenicians who controlled Carthrage at the time saw this as an invasion of their territory. Carthrage ended up giving up all their rights to Sicily due to the fact the roman army was stronger. A Carthragian named Hannibal started the second Punic war when he retaliated against Rome's plan to get Spain to invade Carthrage. He led an army of 30,000 - 40,000 men, 6,000 horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated Rome. Soon though, it was discovered that the Carthragian under Hannibal’s control were not successful in maintaining control over the roman cities. Rome then went and invaded Carthrage and defeated his men 4. In 47 B.C.E. Julius Caesar seized power in Rome and became dictator, a short time later in 44 B.C.E. he was given the title of dictator for life. He made land reforms and gave land to the poor. He increased the senate to 900 people and filled it with supporters of his reform. When people helped him he gave them the status of a Roman Citizen. He died in 44 B.C.E. when he was assassinated by a group of senators. 5. A family was all the members who lived in a single household. The father ruled the household, and women had considerable power in their own household and were able to run their own businesses. Ancestor ship was also VERY important in the household.

**__Part Two__**

1. Roman Republic - 509 B.C.E - 30 BCE, Roman Empire - 30 B.C.E - 476 BCE. 2. The First Among Equals 3. He began the practice of declaring emperor gods, and of picking their own successors. (He called Haley's Comet the spirit of Caesar), Built and maintained the empire's infrastructure (roads), Encouraged the growth of business, Established fire and police departments for Rome, Established a strong money system, Extended citizenship to more and more provincials, Said he "found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble." 4. Roman peace, Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond and there was no warfare. The peace lasted 200 years, more and more provincials were granted official Roman citizenship. 5. Caligula - while he ruled he killed, exiled and forced his family members to commit suicide to keep his title as emperor, Nero - murdered his mother, stepbrother and 2 wives so he could keep his title as emperor.

**__Part three__**

1. Emperor Diocletian had believed that dividing the empire for administrative purposes would strengthen the empire. 2. His mother converted to Christianity, and in 313 CE he legalized Christianity 3. He managed to reunite the Eastern and Western empires for a time, and also rewrote the Roman law that is still the basis for civil law in several countries. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">4. Western (Roman) Empire officially ended in 476 CE, the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire lasted until 1453.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">5. **Economic Reasons:**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Gap between rich and poor, Impoverished workers became tied to the land as //colony//(sold as the land was sold), As fewer members of the lower classes could afford to buy goods (no purchasing power), manufacturing and trade declined, Large estates became self-sufficient, further hurting manufacturing and trade.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">**Military Reasons:**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Roman Republic, Armies were servants of Rome, Roman Empire, Armies made and unmade emperors, Reliance on barbarian troops, Not ultimately loyal to Rome, Could not be counted on to fight their fellow barbarians, Interested in obtaining booty, not defending Rome or furthering Rome’s interests.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">**Political Reasons:**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Decline in patriotism, Democracy did not exist in reality, Citizens lost their tie (voting rights) to the state, Patriotism became based on loyalty to an emperor, not to Rome, Most emperors did not inspire respect or loyalty, East/West split, Two empires created problems regarding loyalty, No orderly succession, Murders, forced suicides, and civil wars frequently accompanied the transition from one emperor to the next

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">**Social Reasons:**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Population decline, Hunger, Plagues, War, Decline in intellectual culture, People did not dedicate themselves to public service and intellectual pursuits, People instead spent their leisure time watching chariot races and gladiatorial contests, Religious divisions, Eastern and Egyptian cults took away the popularity and status of traditional Roman religion, New faiths like Christianity directly questioned and challenged concepts such as imperial divinity

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">6. Law languages, science.